Definitions in Speech and Language
Aphasia	The loss or impairment of language caused by acquired brain dysfunction.
Hearing	The ability to receive and process acoustic stimuli (i.e. sound). (Queens notes)
Language	A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols; the cognitive processes involved in producing and understanding linguistic communication; (Stedman's Medical Dictionary). Language is distinct from speech, the verbal expression of language.
Speech	The faculty or act of expressing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words (Stedman's Medical Dictionary). Language is distinct from speech, the verbal expression of language.
Phonetics	The study of the physical aspects of speech. The three main branches of phonetics are: articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics. (Dehe)
Phonology	The linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. Linguists distinguish two areas of phonology: segmental phonology and suprasegmental phonology. (Dehe)
Phonemes	Individual units of sound; these combine together to make morphemes (Queens notes)
Morphemes	Smallest units of meaning; these combine to produce words (Queens notes)
Syntax	Rules for admissible combinations of words and phrases (also called grammar) (Queens notes) Agrammatism or telegraphic output is the absence of “functor” words i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and adverbs.
Lexicon	Collection of all words in a language (Queens notes)
Semantics	Possible meanings of a language, determined by lexical items and combinations in sentences. (Queens notes)
Prosody	Vocal intonations that modify the literal meaning of words and sentences (Queens notes). Dysprosody is abnormal rhythm in speech.
Discourse	Linking of sentences to create a narrative (Queens notes)

Hearing Aids and Assistive Listening Devices
Options hearing aid cochlear implant assistive listening devices
Hearing Aid Operation
References	Better Hearing Institute All About Hearing Aids London Cochlear Implant Program Informed Consumer Guide to Assistive Technology Alexander Graham Bell Association AudiologyNet

Special Tests for Speech and Language Function

Test

Psycho-

Linguistic

Diagnosis

Aphasia Type

Stand-ardized

Scores

Progn.

Soft

(Easy)

Compre-

hensive

Detailed

Evid.

Based

practice

Apraxia

Aid in Rx planning

Fxnal

Skills

Bed-side

Cog-nitve

Useful

Rehab

Setting

Other

BDAE

Boston

Diagnostic

Aphasia

Examination

Weak aud. comp @ low end—only good if high comp.

-but difficult to measure recovery b/c not sensitive

WAB

Western

Aphasia

Battery

AQ reflects only aud + speech modalities & not reading, writing or Praxis

PICA

Porch Index

Of Comm.

Abilities

Sensitive & reliable!

Highly quantifiable

Use same items in diff. modalities

-too formal so not natural

-L in listening subtest

MTDDA

Minnesota Test of Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia

Provides diagnosis of other factors (dysarthria)

Weak coring system

Too subjective

BASA

Boston Assessment of Severe Aphasia

Assess severe comp. & production

-Good reliability

Scoring a bit complic.

-Manipulation of test items a little diff.

PALPA

Psycholinguistic

Assessment of

Lanugage

Processing in

Aphasia

ADP

Aphasia Diagnostic Profiles

Severity rating!

Measures social emotional state

Do entire test to measure Behav. Profile

-Confusing scoring

-Not good for acute b/c test in diff. contexts

FCP

Functional Communication

Profile

CADL-II

Communication

Abilities in

Daily Living

Objective external validity

-Provides another perspective

-Proof construct validity

-can’t use as substitute or replacement for lang. skill test

CETI

Communication

Effectiveness

Index

Built in bias b/c see previous ‘x’

-cautiously optimistic or pessimestic

PRAGMATIC

PROTOCOL

Does have paralinguistic (nonverbal) characteristics

PCA

Profile of Communication

Appropriatness

Imp. Interaction feature of S.O.

Test (retest)

Speech signs typical for particular neuro diseases
ALS	Speech sounds breathy, low pitched, and monotone with poor respiratory control
MS	Impaired prosody, pitch, and loudness control, harshness, breathiness, hypernasality, articulation breakdown, and nasal air escape
Myesthenia Gravis	Hypernasality, breathy, hoarse, and soft in volume. Dysphagia and distorted articulation may also be present
Parkinson’s Disease	Speech sounds breathy, low pitched and monotone

References & Resources
Accents	Speech accent archive from George Mason University
Acoustics	Russell: Acoustics and Vibration Animations
Anatomy and Physiology	The Lecture Room: a good review of the anatomy and physics of speech, sound, and hearing with very helpful diagrams and drawings Speech and Hearing Science: by Professor Amy Meredith: some more useful lecture slides and notes Patton: auditory pathway Buffalo: Auditory tour University of Minnesota Anatomy of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism Queens University Anatomy Notes Reyes: The Auditory Central Nervous System Washington University Neuroscience Tutorial University of Manitoba Blumenfeld: Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases
Balance	Hain: Otoliths
Clinical Reviews	Aphasia by Daniel Jacobs (eMedicine Article) Aphasia Assessment from Neuropsychology Central Neurogenic speech Disorders: by Professor Amy Meredith
Definitions	Nelson: Valpariso University Maidment: Speech and Language Dictionary
Grammar	Knowledge Explorer: Anatomy of English
History	Early History of Aphasiology: by Dr. Heidi Roth: a good lecture with Real Audio if you have some extra time
Pathology	Dr. Vladimir Zlinski showing otoscope images
Phonetics	University of Iowa phonetics flash project Dehe: Humbolt University, Berlin: Phonology and phonetics
Prosody	Peppe and Maidment: Prosody on the Web
Psychology of Speech and Language	Brain & Behaviour Relationships